Specific Turrets

Here are some tips for how to place certain specific turrets:

Beamers
position your beamers so that your whole base is covered by at least one beamer's red zone. Try to overlap the red zone of the beamer's range with the death zone just outside your base.

Whirlwinds
since they can't attack targets that are close, place them in such a way that the enemy cannot exploit this weakness without taking heavy losses. Place them towards the back or place a flamer near them.

Gravitons
place some non-essential buildings around your gravitons. That way, dominated gravitons will destroy those buildings instead of valuable targets. Never place your graviton near important, high-health buildings like your HQ, beamers, void shields, etc. since the damage it does is a percentage of the target's health.

Void Shield
place your most important turrets inside the shield (one or more beamers, gravitons, and flamers). Also consider placing your scriptorum inside the shield to prevent the enemy from destroying it to draw out your hero.

Tanglefoot
place tanglefoots near the middle of your base, just in range of the death zone. This helps with further slowing down enemy units and makes stealthed heroes useless.